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Intelektualno vlasništvo nad softverom, podacima i znanstvenim radovima - Pojam intelektualnog vlasništva - Warning - Autor ovog teksta nije odvjetnik i tekst koji slijedi ne treba uzeti kao pravni savjet na temu aktualnog ili povijesnog zakonodavstva. U suvremenom društvu na Zapadu i drugdje omogućeno je vlasništvo nad neopipljivim intelektualnim tvorevinama. Intelektualno vlasništvo poznaje dvije vrste prava: Za početak patentnog prava uzima se britanski Statue of Monopolies iz 1624. godine, a za početak autorskog prava također britanski Statue of Anne iz 1710. godine, poznat i pod nazivom Copyright Act 1710. Prvi kontakt s pojmom intelektualnog vlasništva najčešće se događa kroz audiovizualni sadržaj , iako se tu ponekad nailazi na paradokse . Koncept intelektualnog vlasništva ima svoje kritičare i reformatore ( Electronic Frontier Foundation u SAD-u, EDRi u Europskoj Uniji). Intelektualno vlasništvo nad softverom - Autorsko pravo - Svaki napisan softver automatski je vlasništvo autora i autor ga može licencirati drugima pod uvjetima kojima želi. Alternativno, autor se može odreći vlasništva i staviti softver u javnu domenu . Vlasnički softver - Vlasnički softveri razvijeni za komercijalne svrhe često imaju nižu cijenu za akademsku upotrebu. Primjerice, kod Gaussiana, cijena akademske licence je otprilike šest puta niža nego cijena komercijalne licence . S druge strane, kod vlasničkog softvera razvijenog u akademskom okruženju često se sreće shema licenciranja koja definira različite uvjete korištenja u neprofitne (npr. akademska istraživanja) i profitne svrhe (npr. primjena u istraživanja u korporacijama). Primjerice, VMD ima sljedeću licencu : Upon execution of this Agreement by the party identified below ("Licensee"), The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois ("Illinois"), on behalf of The Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group ("TCBG") in the Beckman Institute, will provide the Visual Molecular Dynamics ("VMD") software in Executable Code and/or Source Code form ("Software") to Licensee, subject to the following terms and conditions. For purposes of this Agreement, Executable Code is the compiled code, which is ready to run on Licensee's computer. Source code consists of a set of files which contain the actual program commands that are compiled to form the Executable Code. (...) - UCSF Chimera ima sljedeću licencu : This license agreement ("License"), effective today, is made by and between you ("Licensee") and The Regents of the University of California, a California corporation having its statewide administrative offices at 1111 Franklin Street, Oakland, California 94607-5200 ("The Regents"), acting through its Office of Innovation, Technology & Alliances, University of California San Francisco ("UCSF"), 3333 California Street, Suite S-11, San Francisco, California 94143, and concerns certain software known as "UCSF Chimera," a system of software programs for the visualization and interactive manipulation of molecular models, developed by the Computer Graphics Laboratory at UCSF for research purposes and includes executable code, source code, and documentation ("Software"). General. A non-exclusive, nontransferable, perpetual license is granted to the Licensee to install and use the Software for academic, non-profit, or government-sponsored research purposes. Use of the Software under this License is restricted to non-commercial purposes. Commercial use of the Software requires a separately executed written license agreement. Permitted Use and Restrictions. Licensee agrees that it will use the Software, and any modifications, improvements, or derivatives to the Software that the Licensee may create (collectively, "Improvements") solely for internal, non-commercial purposes and shall not distribute or transfer the Software or Improvements to any person or third parties without prior written permission from The Regents. The term "non-commercial," as used in this License, means academic or other scholarly research which (a) is not undertaken for profit, or (b) is not intended to produce works, services, or data for commercial use, or (c) is neither conducted, nor funded, by a person or an entity engaged in the commercial use, application or exploitation of works similar to the Software. LightDock je u početku imao licencu čiji su najvažniji dijelovi: The LightDock software ("Software") has been developed by the contributing researchers of the Protein Interactions and Docking group ("Developers"). The Software is made available through the Barcelona Supercomputing Center ("BSC") for your internal, non-profit research use. 2. You agree to make results generated using Software available to other academic researchers for non-profit research purposes. If you wish to obtain Software for any commercial purposes, including fee-based service projects, you will need to execute a separate licensing agreement and pay a fee. (...) - LightDock je danas slobodni softver otvorenog koda licenciran pod licencom GPLv3. Slobodni softver otvorenog koda - Licenci slobodnog softvera otvorenog koda razlikujemo prvenstveno po tome jesu li copyleft ili ne. (Copyleft zahtijeva da se promijenjene verzije softvera distribuiraju pod istom licencom.) - Neke od copyleft licenci su: Neke od ne-copyleft licenci su: Primjerice, PyMOL je dostupan pod licencom sličnom licencama MIT i BSD: Open-Source PyMOL is Copyright (C) Schrodinger, LLC. All Rights Reserved - Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and distribute modified versions of this software and its built-in documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies and that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Schrodinger, LLC not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Avogadro je dostupan pod licencom GPLv2 : This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) - GROMACS je dostupan pod licencom LGPLv2.1 ili novijom (po vašem izboru) : This License Agreement applies to any software library or other program which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Lesser General Public License (also called "this License"). Each licensee is addressed as "you". A "library" means a collection of software functions and/or data prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs (which use some of those functions and data) to form executables. The "Library", below, refers to any such software library or work which has been distributed under these terms. A "work based on the Library" means either the Library or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Library or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated straightforwardly into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) - "Source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For a library, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the library. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running a program using the Library is not restricted, and output from such a program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Library (independent of the use of the Library in a tool for writing it). Whether that is true depends on what the Library does and what the program that uses the Library does. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Library's complete source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this Licens